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    Is Sunscreen Toxic? Experts – And Science – Weigh In On Viral Claims

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    Sunscreen, sunblock, SPF: the sun protection skincare has been hailed by derms as the holy grail in skincare for ages. The reason? The sun is a potent skin ager, creates wrinkles, damages skin, and increases hyperpigmentation. By rigorously applying sunscreen every day, experts teach, we prevent or mitigate these effects. Recently, though, social media has been abuzz with concern about SPF,  with some calling sunscreen a scam or claiming formulations include toxic chemicals. We spoke to dermatologists about the biggest claims about sunscreen protection.Meet the experts: Dr Tarryn Jacobs is a specialist dermatologist at Life Eugene Marais hospital in Pretoria. Dr Bradley Wagemaker is the medical director at Lamelle Research Laboratories. Dr Alek Nikolic is an aesthetic doctor and founder of skincare online store Skin Miles and skincare brand sk.in.Is Sunscreen Full Of Toxic Chemicals?The claim that sunscreen is toxic for human health is echoed by the Environmental Working Group (EWG), an advocacy group for environmental health. Per their research, common ingredients in sunscreen, like oxybenzone, homosalate, octisalate, octocrylene, avobenzone and octinoxate, can be absorbed by the skin at higher than safe levels, posing health concerns. Chief problematic ingredients are oxybenzone and octinoxate, which studies have linked to endocrine (hormonal) disruptions. All three experts we spoke to agreed: there is just no evidence to support this idea. Oxybenzone attracts the most concern, but experts note the lack of conclusive evidence. “These worries stem from studies conducted on cells in the lab and on animals that were fed large doses of oxybenzone. However, the amounts used in these experiments were significantly higher than what people are exposed to when applying sunscreen to their skin,” explains Dr Tarryn Jacobs, a specialist dermatologist. “It would take an individual 277 years of sunscreen use to achieve the equivalent systemic dose that produced effects in these rat studies, according to a 2017 study in the Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology,” says Dr Alek Nikolic, an aesthetic doctor.And, says Dr Jacobs, studies about chemical absorption via the skin are thin at best. “The relevance of this absorption is uncertain,” she says. “It’s critical to recognise that these two studies conducted by the FDA do not provide any evidence that chemical sunscreens cause harm. In other words, just because something is there does not mean it is causing any harm.”READ MORE: Should You Wear Sunscreen Every Day? Does Sunscreen Block Vitamin D Production?Well… this question is more of a cost-benefit quandary. For one, “The risks of sun damage and skin cancer far outweigh the minimal impact on vitamin D,” says Dr Bradley Wagemaker, medical director at Lamelle Research Laboratories. Still, it is true that sunscreen can block UVB rays, which are responsible for helping your skin produce vitamin D, explains Dr Jacobs.But! What is true in a lab simply isn’t true in real life. “Although various studies have concluded that there is a theoretical risk of sunscreen decreasing vitamin D levels, the data currently does not demonstrate a correlation in real-life settings,” explains Dr Jacobs. “In fact, several studies have shown that sunscreens are rarely applied correctly, in the right dosages and with appropriate frequency. This means that in real-world conditions, vitamin D synthesis will not be totally inhibited in sunscreen users because of the improper use of sunscreens.”The bottom line: you’re better off getting your D from food or supplements than from exposing yourself to the sun without SPF.If Skin Cancer Is On The Rise, Does That Mean Sunscreen Doesn’t Work?According to the 2023 National Cancer Registry, basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) make up the top three and four cancers in South Africa among women. Both BCC and SCC are types of skin cancer. And, from 2010 to 2017, the incidence rates for melanoma among white South Africans has increased significantly, with a 13.6% increase among women.Is sunscreen to blame for rising skin cancer rates? Experts disagree. “Studies show that regular daily use of SPF 15 sunscreen, when used as directed, can reduce your risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) by about 40 percent and lower your melanoma risk by 50 percent,” says Dr Nikolic. He puts the rising rates down to higher UV levels, longer lifespans and improved cancer detection.Another huge contributing cancer? People. “Part of the problem is that people will sometimes use sunscreen as permission to spend excessively long periods in the sun or to tan – and on top of that, they underapply, fail to reapply and do not use other sun protection methods like hats or clothing,” explains Dr Jacobs. “This gives a false sense of security to some.” According to South African Medical Journal, among White South Africans, there is a lack of early self-screening. A South African Family Practice study reveals that only half of White survey respondents regularly use sunscreen. Among Black and Indian respondents, that number is lower. The study notes, “Less than 20% of White respondents had ever checked their skin for suspicious moles. Most Black patients were not aware that they are at risk of skin cancer, and only 10% were aware of the risk of developing skin cancers on acral sites and nails.”READ MORE: 6 Things Neurologists Would Never Do If They Wanted To Protect Their Brain HealthIs Sunscreen Only Partially Effective?As you may have guessed from the responses above, the way the average person uses sunscreen does mean its efficacy is reduced. And, according to this 2012 study, which tested the efficacy of sunscreen against deeper types of sun damage (like skin cancer), no sunscreen fully prevents deep sun damage. Authors theorised that this might be because UVA filters (in sunscreen) can break down over time and that sunscreens are not able to protect well enough against visible light. Since then, this study has spurred further research that’s substantiated the original findings. “No sunscreen can block 100% of UV rays,” says Dr Nikolic. “Additionally, the effectiveness of sunscreen can be reduced by factors such as incorrect application, inadequate reapplication, and not reapplying after exposure to sweat and/or water.”But before you ditch your SPF and bare your skin to the sun, know that “broad-spectrum SPF is still our best defence,” says Dr Wagemaker. Still, there are other ways of preventing damage. “It’s important to realise the sunscreen is just one component of a sun protection strategy, which should also include using wide-brimmed hats, wearing sun protective clothing and seeking shade where possible,” says Dr Jacobs. And apply liberally! In fact, newer formulations are innovating, with added antioxidants to mitigate sun damage where UV filters fall short. Dr Wagemaker recommends Lamelle Research Laboratories’ Helase 50+, a full-spectrum protectant from sunlight, with antioxidants to fight free radicals.How Do Sunscreens Work Against UV Light?Dr Wagemaker made this handy guide about the five wavelengths of UV light that affect our bodies:UVCThis is (technically) the most dangerous type of UV light, but thankfully, our atmosphere absorbs it, so we don’t come into contact with it on Earth. And that’s a good thing because UVC would kill you very quickly.Effects on skin: Devastating, deadly – but thankfully absorbed by the earth’s atmosphereDoes SPF work? Organic sunscreens: No. Inorganic sunscreens: No. Zinc and titanium: No. Iron oxide: Protects from 90% – 97% of this frequency.UVBThis type of UV light is most associated with pain and sunburn, and SPF is good at keeping it at bay. This frequency also creates direct DNA damage to the cells, causing what could be devastating damage. Your body does have a process of finding and correcting this damage called NER. However, sun exposure limits the capacity that the cell has to perform this process.  Effects on skin: Sunburn, DNA damage and oxidative damage to DNA and moleculesDoes SPF work? Organic sunscreens: Yes. Inorganic sunscreens: Yes. Zinc and titanium: Yes. Iron oxide: Yes (96% of this frequency).UVAThis type of UV is most associated with skin ageing because regular broad-spectrum SPF starts to fail here. From here on out, UV light tends to cause devastating DNA damage known as dimers, which the human body cannot fix on its own because of a missing protein in the human body.Effects on skin: DNA damage, mutation and cancer due to oxidative damage to DNA and molecules, as well as immune suppressionDoes SPF work? Organic sunscreen: 53%. Inorganic sunscreens, zinc and titanium: +/- 50%. Iron oxide: 85 – 95% depending on the colours used (96% – 99%).Visible lightOne of the most overlooked, and therefore most dangerous, types of UV light is the radiation in the visible spectrum. Sunscreen affords no protection against it, and it suppresses the immune system and causes free radicals to form. Our best defence against visible light is antioxidants, which are only about 54% effective.Effects on skin: Photo-ageing, mutation, and cancer due to DNA damage, oxidative damage to DNA and molecules, as well as immune suppressionDoes SPF work? Inorganic sunscreens: No, though there is some development at foot to get to the blue light spectrum. Organic sunscreens: Yes. Iron oxide: Yes, between 51% and 98%, depending on what colour combination is chosen (91 – 97%).Infrared lightAnd, of course, the invisible infrared light spectrum also affects us adversely. Infrared light from the sun causes severe oxidative stress (when free radicals ravage the DNA and body, leading to mutations) and is the most common cause of hyperpigmentation. Unfortunately, SPF 50 doesn’t help at all here. And, when SPF is combined with antioxidants, you get only 56% protection.Effects on skin: Photo-ageing, hyperpigmentation, inflammation and oxidative damage to DNA and molecules.Does SPF work? No (your best bet is antioxidant skincare)Key Takeaways From South African Dermatologists“Sunscreen is safe, effective, and essential,” reiterates Dr Wagemaker. “Misinformation can be misleading, but the science is clear: daily use of a broad-spectrum SPF is one of the best ways to protect your skin – for life.”READ MORE: Pregnancy Skin Problems! What To Expect And How To Handle It More

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      Banana Muffins That Ease PMS And Cramping – True Story!

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      Banana muffins aren’t exactly at the top of foods that you crave when PMS has you in a chokehold, right? While a slab of chocolate may seem like your only trusted bestie during that period, try pairing it with this recipe. Here’s the science behind our suggestion: bananas provide cramp-busting potassium and vitamin B6, a hormone regulator that may help reduce water retention, depression and other PMS-related symptoms. Yoghurt, on the other hand, brings calcium and vitamin D to the mix: a dynamic duo that has been shown to slash PMS symptoms by up to 40 percent. Walnuts deliver magnesium – which may reduce irritability and stabilise blood sugar levels – which in turn can help control those PMS-fuelled “I want to eat everything” urges.READ MORE: This Super Sexy Smoothie Will Get You All Revved Up!

      Banana, Yoghurt And Walnut Muffins

      A dynamic combo of ingredients that regulates your PMS-fuelled cravings and cramps.

      Course Breakfast, DessertCuisine English

      Servings 12

      ¼ cup Oatmeal½ cup Rice flour¼ cup Ground flaxseed1 tsp Baking powder1 tsp Bicarbonate of soda2 Eggs, beaten¼ cup Plain yoghurt3 medium Ripe bananas, mashed½ cup Honey ⅓ cup Grapeseed oil¼ cup Walnut pieces
      Preheat oven to 190°C.In a large bowl, whisk together oatmeal, flour, flaxseed, baking powder and bicarbonate of soda.In a separate bowl, combine the eggs, yoghurt, bananas, honey and oil. Add flour mixture and fold in the walnuts.Spoon the batter into paper-lined muffin trays. Bake for 20 to 22 minutes or until the tops spring back when lightly touched. Cool on a wire rack.

      Per 83g muffin: 921kJ, 10g fat (1g sat), 160mg sodium, 31g carbs, 3g fibre, 16g sugars, 4g protein

      Keyword Muffins

      READ MORE: PCOS Diet Plan: The Best Foods To Eat (And Limit) When You Have PCOS, According To Experts More

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      A New Study Shows Sex Before Bed Is Linked With Better Sleep. Here’s Why

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      Finding the perfect recipe for a good night’s sleep can feel pretty complicated. Experts have recommended everything from keeping your bedroom cool at night, to sticking with consistent sleep and wake times, to avoiding screens for hours before bed. But you can now add a much simpler sleep-enhancing hack to the list: Have sex.That’s the major takeaway from a new study published in the journal Sleep Health. This is a pilot study, so the findings are preliminary, but they raise a lot of questions about how sexual activity may help us sleep better and whether you should consider this move for yourself. Here’s what the study found, plus what doctors want you to keep in mind.Meet the experts: W. Christopher Winter, MD, a neurologist and sleep medicine physician with Charlottesville Neurology and Sleep Medicine and host of the Sleep Unplugged podcast; Jessica O’Reilly, PhD, relationship expert and Astroglide’s sexologist; Jennifer Wider, MD.What Did The Pilot Study Find?For the study, researchers recruited seven heterosexual couples who were healthy, sexually active and living together in Australia. The participants, who were in their mid-20s, all reported that they had sex at least twice a week.The researchers monitored the participants over 11 nights, and asked them to do three different things: Have no sexual activity, engage in solo sex that ended in an orgasm, and have partnered sex that ended in an orgasm. To measure their sleep, the participants wore a wireless headband to track their brain activity, movement and breathing overnight. They also filled out diaries every morning to track their sexual activity, sleep quality, mood and feelings of readiness for the day ahead.The researchers discovered all kinds of interesting things. On nights when the participants had sex, they went to bed later than on nights with no sex. But they also spent about seven minutes less being awake during the night after they conked out, and spent a larger amount of their time in bed actually sleeping (basically, they had good sleep efficiency). In general, sleep efficiency was 93.2 percent after masturbation and 93.4 percent after partnered sex, while it was 91.5 percent on nights when people didn’t have sex.Worth noting: The participants didn’t notice any big differences in how well they thought they slept – this is just what the sleep tracking data found. That said, the participants reported feeling more motivated and ready for their day the morning after having partnered sex than when they abstained.READ MORE: 27 Insanely Hot Moves That Will Change Your Sex Life ForeverWhy Might Sexual Activity Help Us Sleep Better?It’s important to point out that this isn’t the first study to link sex before bed to better sleep. A study published in the Journal of Sleep Research had people keep a diary for 14 days and found that those who had partnered sex that ended in orgasm fell asleep faster and reported having better sleep quality than those who didn’t have sex before bed. But the latest study actually showed that there were improvements in sleep quality.There are probably a few things going on to result in this positive sleep effect, according to W. Christopher Winter. “The first is probably related to the chemical changes brought about by orgasm,” he says. “The hormone oxytocin – which is released after you have an orgasm – acts as a natural sedative,” he says.In addition to oxytocin, the hormone prolactin is released after orgasm, leading to a relaxed feeling, says women’s health expert Jennifer Wider, MD. All of those factors combined “can definitely enhance sleepiness,” she says.From a more holistic view, sex is usually a stress-relieving activity, so it may be that people felt more ready to fall asleep afterwards, Dr. Winter says. And it may also just quiet down your mind, says Jessica O’Reilly. “Post-orgasm, decreased activity in brain regions like the amygdala and cingulate cortex reduces arousal and emotional stimulation,” she says. That can also make it easier to fall asleep, she points out.READ MORE: Struggle Sleeping? Here’s How To Create A Bedtime Routine, Per ExpertsWhat Else Can Sex Do For Our Brains?A lot, actually. “During arousal and orgasm, you may experience elevated levels of dopamine, oxytocin and endorphins, which can elevate mood, reduce stress and assuage anxiety,” O’Reilly says. “Natural opioids released during sex can also make you more resilient to pain, like headaches and cramps.”Ultimately, if you have the option to have sex or not and you want to ensure you’ll get a good night’s sleep, it may be best to get down with a partner before bed. “Sex in general contributes to positive emotional feelings and contentment, which is where you want to be in the moment before sleep,” Dr. Winter says. “Feeling that sense of being connected is a great way to head to sleep.”This article by Korin Miller was originally published on Women’s Health US. More

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      8 Simple Strategies To Slow The Ageing Process In Your 60s That You Can Start Any Time

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      Ageing may be inevitable – but it doesn’t always happen at a steady pace. Research shows that our cells tend to age in spurts, with noticeable accelerations around the ages of 44 and 60. During these periods, certain biological changes can make you feel your age more acutely.It’s not entirely clear from the research what’s going on in the body around age 44, other than perimenopause in women. But men go through this speed-up in ageing around this time, too, so, unanswered questions remain.When you near 60, research suggests you’re more likely to face a bunch of factors related to ageing, including the loss of lean muscle mass, as well as a drop in bone density – and both of those things can make you feel older.But hitting those milestone ages doesn’t mean you’re destined to fall off an ageing cliff. Experts say there are plenty of ways to counteract the physical effects of ageing – and even slow them down. That’s why your chronological age (the number on your birthday cake) and your biological age (how old your cells act) don’t always match up.A lot of controlling the effects and speed of ageing comes down to lifestyle choices, which you can implement or adjust at any moment. “It’s never too late to start,” says Barbara Bawer.To help slow the ageing process in your 60s, doctors and a trainer who works with older adults share their top strategies.Meet the experts: Patricia Greaves, CPT, is a trainer and founder of StrongHer Personal Training. Scott Kaiser, MD, is a geriatrician and director of Geriatric Cognitive Health for the Pacific Neuroscience Institute at Providence Saint John’s Health Center in Santa Monica. Barbara Bawer, MD, is a family medicine physician at The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center.8 Research-Backed Habits That Can Slow Ageing In Your 60sThe good news in all of this is that you can start making moves at any point to age in the healthiest way possible, according to Scott Kaiser.1. Fill your plate with plants.You don’t need to go full-on vegan, but eating a diet that’s heavy in plants has been linked to healthy ageing, especially heart and brain health. “What we eat plays a critical role in determining our health and well-being,” Kaiser says, calling a focus on plant-based foods your “farm-acy.”A 2024 JAMA study that followed more than 25,000 women for 25 years found that those who followed the plant-based Mediterranean diet had a slew of better biomarkers (molecules found in your blood, tissues and bodily fluids) which were linked to a lowered risk of developing conditions like cholesterol, diabetes and high blood pressure compared to those who didn’t follow the diet. They also had a 23 percent lower risk of dying from any cause.A scientific review published in 2022 noted that plant-based diets are linked to better metabolism, along with less bodily inflammation. There’s also a lowered risk of heart disease when you follow a plant-heavy diet, which is linked to better health.Try The MIND DietAnother style of eating called the MIND diet (it is similar to the Mediterranean diet) focuses on foods to boost brain health, including leafy greens, vegetables, nuts, berries, beans, whole grains, fish, poultry, olive oil and wine. Many of these foods are high in phytonutrients that protect your cells from oxidative stress, which can damage cells and raise the risk of developing serious conditions like dementia and cancer, Kaiser explains.Just don’t neglect your protein. It’s crucial to get lots of that macronutrient in the mix to combat the drop in lean muscle mass, Kaiser says. While the recommended daily allowance (RDA) for protein is 0.8 grams per kilogram, researchers suggest that regular exercisers need 1.2 to 1.5 grams per kilogram of protein to support tissue growth.READ MORE: What Is Oxidative Stress? Causes And How To Reduce It, According To Experts2. Do strength and resistance training three to four times a week.Women start to lose muscle mass in their 30s, and then lose 3 to 5 percent of that muscle mass per decade. But lifting a few days a week can help to combat that.“I want more people, especially women, to see strength training as a nonnegotiable for preventing muscle and bone loss and supporting their independence in their later years,” says Patricia Greaves. She suggests doing strength or resistance training three to four times a week to build and maintain muscle.“Resistance training also has a direct impact on our bone density – as we lift, we force our bones to grow stronger,” she says. Given that the risk of osteopenia (a warning sign of osteoporosis) and osteoporosis increases as you get older, this is a pretty important health hack.“Along with strength training, mobility exercises should be done to improve your joint health, allowing you to move with greater ease and confidence,” Greaves says. She recommends leaning into exercises like Pilates, yoga and dynamic stretching for better mobility.READ MORE: How To Exercise During Perimenopause To Maintain A Healthy Body Composition3. Clean up your bedtime routine.You probably already know that you should aim to get seven or more hours of sleep a night, but sleep is way more complicated than just telling yourself to conk out.That’s why Kaiser says it’s so crucial to establish a good bedtime routine now. That means powering down your phone, dimming the lights, lowering your thermostat to create a cool temperature, and creating other habits that signal to your brain that it’s time to wind down.Not only will this help you feel well-rested in the morning, it’ll do your long-term brain health a solid. “The quantity and quality of sleep – needed to clear debris, ‘reset’ neural networks, and provide down-time to various systems in our brains – have profound physiologic impacts that impact our day-to-day thinking, memory, and mood as well as our long-term risk of cognitive decline and dementia,” Kaiser says.A study published in the journal Neurology late last year also doubled down on the link between poor sleep and dementia.4. Schedule regular mindfulness alerts on your phone.It’s easy to roll your eyes at the idea of practising mindfulness meditation, but research shows it can be profoundly helpful for combating stress. One scientific analysis found that people who practised mindfulness meditation had lower levels of anxiety, depression and stress, while an eight-week study of people who followed a mindfulness program found that they had a “significant decrease” in stress levels.“Stress management is very important because it can lead to other things falling off like diet, sleep, and exercise,” Bawer says. “It can also increase inflammation, and stress hormones can affect the way organs function.”Making a point to schedule mindful breaths into your day can create a cascade effect in your body to help you chill out, Kaiser says. (You really only need to bring your attention to your breathing and take a moment to appreciate life, he says.) You can even just create a repeating alarm at a certain point in your day to focus on your breath for a few minutes. “This simple practice can actually unlock the power of meditation and help curb stress,” Kaiser says.5. Invest in a water bottle you love – and refill it throughout the day.Your body is mostly made of water, which is why it’s so crucial to stay hydrated, Bawer says. The U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine recommends that women have about 11.5 cups of fluids a day from foods and liquids. But everyone’s needs are slightly different depending on things like your size and how much you tend to sweat during the day.Hydration can support good skin health, cognitive function, and even lower your risk of chronic diseases, Kaiser says. “Chronic dehydration can impact your risk for cardiovascular disease, your kidney health and your brain health,” he says. “You should prioritise drinking plenty of water throughout the day, and be mindful of drinking enough, even when you’re not thirsty.”If you have trouble hitting your hydration goals, consider splashing out on a water bottle that you like the look of and keeping it by your side during the day. You can also set regular reminders in your phone to take a drink, if you’re still not sipping enough.READ MORE: What To Look Out For When Picking A Water Bottle6. Scrutinise your drinking habits.It’s understandable to be a little confused about the relationship between alcohol and your health, especially given that studies keep popping up that suggest a little wine is good for you. But a growing body of research suggests that any amount of alcohol is bad for your health, and even smaller amounts ramp up blood pressure and increase your risk of heart disease.Alcohol has also been linked to several types of cancer, and it’s known to mess with your sleep, which we already established is crucial for healthy ageing. When it comes to drinking, “less is better, but nothing is best,” Bawer says.Kaiser admits that recommendations around alcohol are “controversial,” given that the science around alcohol’s impact on the body continues to change. “But there’s more and more research that indicate that there are health risks with drinking any amount of alcohol,” he says.7. Schedule your next doctor’s appointment, like, now.Annual check-ups – where your doctor checks your blood pressure, listens to your heart, does a physical exam, and orders blood work – are “so important,” Kaiser reminds.This is where your doctor can help stay on top of any health issues you may be experiencing and also detect new problems that you might not even be aware of. “If you detect conditions early, you may be able to significantly reduce your long-term risk of health issues,” Kaiser says. “But if they’re left unchecked, issues can progress and cause damage to your overall health that might have been otherwise prevented.”A good hack for keeping yourself consistent: Schedule your next check-up at your current check-up. That way you’ll at least have something locked in for the future.8. Talk to your doctor about Vitamin D and other supplements.The best way to know if you could benefit from a supplement is to have a conversation with your doctor about your overall health goals, and if you may need blood testing to see if you’re deficient in anything, Kaiser says.There is research that suggests taking Vitamin D can help lower the risk of dementia, and the vitamin is also linked with good bone health, Kaiser says. “But you really want to talk to your doctor first,” Kaiser says. “Not everybody needs to take supplements.”The supplement market is not well-regulated by the Food and Drug Administration, “and so often what you’re taking can be too much, not enough, or just wrong for you even if you meant well,” Bawer adds.READ MORE: The Exact Supplements Women Need To Be Taking, According To StudiesThis article by Korin Miller was originally published on Women’s Health US. More

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      Is There A Way To Really Outsmart Your Flu? Experts Weigh In

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      Per South Africa’s National Department of Health, between 6 000 and 11 000 South Africans succumb to flu every year, a rather concerning stat considering how widespread flu information is. Winter season is synonymous with increasing flu cases, with new flu strains constantly doing the rounds. Just this year alone how many of these statements have you heard: “This flu just won’t go away” or “I’ve had this stubborn cough for almost a month now despite having taken meds”. Some might even argue that since COVID-19 brought the world to its knees, flu season has just never been the same. New research published in the Nature Microbiology journal, in February 2025, suggests that flu cases have particularly gotten bad because a common strain of flu has become ‘smarter’ at surviving. Is there actually any hope?READ MORE: Important Info To Familiarise Yourself With This Flu SeasonWhat Did The New Study Find?The study found that influenza A viral particles can actually adapt their shape to remain infectious and stick around longer, ultimately driving up flu cases. While analysing influenza A particles in a lab to monitor their response  to environmental conditions, researchers discovered that “the particles could change their shape to be either spheres or larger filaments (a slender shape) to better infect cells based on certain environmental conditions.” This metamorphosis is the reason behind flu A sticking around longer and ripping through the existing immunity your body has built up. “Though this isn’t a completely new discovery, researchers just hadn’t observed this specific shape-shifting in the flu before. With a change in genome (the entire set of DNA instructions found in a cell), it can rapidly change shape to its survival advantage,” says Dr Thomas Russo, a professor and chief of infectious disease at the University at Buffalo in New York. What is important for general masses to know is that viruses are living organisms that change form and shape, says Dr Gulam Karim, Medical Director at TruMD. “For instance, AH3N2 and AHN1 were the most common strains in 2024, and now we have moved on to new strains in 2025,” he explains.READ MORE: These Are The 7 Best Tips To Stay Super Healthy During Flu SeasonWhat Is Flu A and Flu B?The flu comes in four different strains, namely – A, B, C and D, with A and B being the most common in human population and responsible for the rise in flu cases in winter and autumn, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).Flu A can infect people and animals, while flu B is mostly a human virus. There are also 130 different subtype combinations of flu A, while flu B has just two lineages (B/Yamagata and B/Victoria), per the CDC. Fun fact: B/Yamagata strains haven’t been detected since the COVID-19 pandemic began, so flu B is technically down to just B/Victoria right now.On the whole, flu A viruses tend to cause a more intense illness, notes Dr Russo. “Both flu A and flu B can be lethal, but flu A tends to cause more severe disease,” he says. Another major difference, according to Dr Amesh Adalja, an infectious disease physician: Flu B “does not cause pandemics,” but flu A does.READ MORE: Heads Up – Flu Season Has Already Begun. Here’s How To PrepareAre We Doomed?Think of the flu as an ongoing war that may strike at any minute and it better not catch you slacking! Most medical experts suggest that getting the flu vaccine at the start of flu season is still the best defence against flu symptoms becoming complicated, therefore rendering you gravely ill, especially amongst vulnerable populations (these include the elderly, children, people with diabetes, high blood pressure, chronic illnesses such as autoimmune disorders or immune deficiencies such as HIV/Aids and Tuberculosis.) Very NB to keep in mind is that being vaccinated against the flu isn’t a surefire guarantee that you won’t get infected. “I want to emphasise 90 percent of the time is eating well, exercise, taking relevant supplements, etc, keeping warm – basically, general good health practices – work too,” says Dr Karim.Dr Tamsyn Lee, a senior medical doctor at TruMD adds: “If possible, work from home and maintain a safe distance from others. But, also find a balance between staying indoors because good ventilation is important due to the way the flu virus is transmitted. Anything that helps with building good immunity is encouraged – enough sleep, managing stress and a well-balanced diet,” she advises. More

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      6 Things Neurologists Would Never Do If They Wanted To Protect Their Brain Health

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      All of your organs are crucial to your well-being, with the exception of a select few (looking at you, appendix). But if you had to rank the ones you really, really want to protect, your brain should definitely be one of the top contenders.After all, your brain is your body’s command centre, overseeing basic life functions like your breathing and heart rate, along with your memory, learning and complex thinking. Neurologists know this and are well aware of what can happen to your health when your brain isn’t in peak condition.With that in mind, we tapped neurologists across the country for their hot take on the things they would never do in the name of preserving their brain health.Meet the experts: Juliann Paolicchi, MD, a neurologist at Northwell Lenox Hill Hospital. Hera Kamdar, MD, neurologist and assistant clinical professor at The Ohio State University College of Medicine. Vernon Williams, MD, sports neurologist and founding director of the Center for Sports Neurology and Pain Medicine at Cedars-Sinai Orthopaedics in Los Angeles.Smoking And Excess Drinking Are A Hard PassThere are a lot of things out there that are potentially bad for your body, but some toxins are considered worse for your brain than others. Juliann Paolicchi says she will never smoke because of its impact on the brain.“The effects of nicotine on the brain are cumulative, which means there is never a bad time to stop,” she says. Research also suggests that smoking raises your risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease by as much as 40 percent.But Paolicchi also lists hard drugs and “excess alcohol intake” as things she avoids, noting that they’re “known to be neurotoxins,” which means they’re specifically bad for your brain.They Don’t Skimp On SleepEvery neurologist we spoke to stressed the importance of sleep. Vernon Williams says he aims to get good, consistent, and regular sleep. “Burning the midnight oil can have serious health and brain repercussions,” he says.Hera Kamdar, agrees. “Sleep helps consolidate memories and knowledge, and gives your brain time to reset and replenish,” she says. That’s why she recommends getting seven or more hours of “uninterrupted” sleep a night, if you can.While there’s no magic number on how many hours each person should get, it’s important to try to maintain a regular routine to improve the quality of your sleep.READ MORE: Fall Asleep Faster With These 7 Hacks For Better SleepLay Off The Ultra-Processed FoodsUltra-processed foods are linked to a slew of bad health outcomes, including cognitive decline and stroke. That’s why Dr. Kamdar says she does her best to avoid ultra-processed and high-sugar foods as much as possible. “Easier said than done, I know, but trying to eat fresh foods and a Mediterranean-style diet that is rich in berries, nuts, fish, and leafy greens is all fantastic for brain health,” she says.Don’t Let Stress FesterStress doesn’t just lead to exhaustion, breakouts and hair loss. Stress can cause an increase in the hormone cortisol, and chronic cortisol exposure is linked to serious brain degenerative diseases like dementia, Dr. Kamdar says.So, taking care of your mental health is important. “Good mental health leads to good brain health,” Dr. Kamdar says.She tries her best to deal directly with stress when it pops up. Some techniques that can help manage stress include specialised breathing techniques, doing something that makes you feel relaxed, get some exercise, and turning off the news.READ MORE: What Is Oxidative Stress? Causes And How To Reduce It, According To ExpertsNever Leave Your Head UnprotectedDirect brain injuries are a clear threat to cognitive health, which is why Dr. Paolicchi does her best to protect her head at all costs. “Wear a seat belt when driving, wear a helmet on a bike or scooter and when participating in certain sports like rugby, skiing, snowboarding and skateboarding,” she says.Don’t Let Loneliness Take OverDealing with chronic loneliness increases the risk of dementia by more than 30 percent, according to the National Institute on Aging. That’s why Dr. Paolicchi and other neurologists try to stay social. “Call, or better yet, get together with friends,” she says. “Continuing to socialise with others helps us cope with isolation, mood swings, and stress and helps us retain good memory function.”Friends help friends keep their brains healthy!This article by Korin Miller was originally published on Women’s Health US. More

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      Exactly How Much Do You Know About Prediabetes?

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      Prediabetes, sometimes referred to as borderline diabetes… it sounds like yet another lifestyle ailment to be worried about, right? Unfortunately, it is another important health concern to add to your radar because 2 in 3 South Africans have prediabetes, according to a survey conducted by SA Demographic Health Survey. Meaning that two of the three people you see (including yourself!) could have prediabetes.The good news is that if you have prediabetes, simple lifestyle changes can normalise your blood sugar levels, therefore reducing or delaying your chances of developing Type 2 diabetes. “Prediabetes can also mean that you’re at high risk of developing Type 2 diabetes. The tricky part is that prediabetes has no symptoms, so you’d have to get into the habit of getting your blood sugar checked,” says GP Dr Yanga Madlala. Let’s get right into it…READ MORE: 9 Useful Self-Care Apps For Wellness To Download NowWhat Is Prediabetes?In medical terms, prediabetes occurs when blood sugar (also known as blood glucose) is higher than normal, but not high enough to be classified as either Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes. The World Health Organisation (WHO) considers fasting blood glucose levels of below 6mmol/l to be normal. Above 7mmol/l fasting glucose (when you haven’t eaten anything) will need further checks but may indicate diabetes. Between these two cutoff points lies the prediabetes range: 6 to 7mmol/l. “The medical terms for higher-than-normal blood sugars are impaired fasting glucose (IFG), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), impaired glucose regulation (IGR) or non-diabetic hyperglycaemia,” explains Dr Madlala. How Do I Test For Prediabetes?If you’re worried about prediabetes, seek medical intervention and insist on a blood test. “The most common test will be checking your HbA1c levels, which are your average blood sugar levels for the last two to three months. If your HbA1c level is between 42mmol/mol (6%) to 47mmol/mol (6.4%), this means it is higher than normal and you are at risk of developing Type 2 diabetes,” shares Dr Madlala.Are There Any Symptoms I Should Be Looking Out For?Sadly, prediabetes has no symptoms. If you start experiencing symptoms such as peeing more often (especially at night), drastic and unintended weight loss, fatigue, blurred vision, cuts and wounds taking longer to heal, genital itching or thrush, extreme thirst, chances are you’ve already developed Type 2 diabetes. “Always listen to your body and monitor it closely for any new changes. Know the risk factors as well as the support is available that could help you prevent or delay type 2 diabetes,” says Dr Madlala.READ MORE: It’s Possible To Reverse Type 2 Diabetes, According To One Woman Who Did It How To Turn Prediabetes AroundPrediabetes requires a complete lifestyle overhaul – no negotiations there! “Consistent lifestyle changes can potentially reverse prediabetes or even delay the onset of Type 2 diabetes. These changes focus on healthy eating, regular physical activity and weight management,” says Dr Madlala.Eat healthy foodSpecifically green, leafy vegetables. We should all be eating half a plate of green, leafy vegetables for lunch and dinner. Are you doing this? It’s a simple but powerful change!Exercise a little each dayIt doesn’t have to be complicated. A half-hour walk around the block will do, or some squats and stretches in your lounge if walking around the block isn’t an option.Lose weight if you need toBeing overweight is a significant risk factor for developing Type 2 diabetes, because it can make you more insulin resistant. If you can drink water instead of fizzy drinks or juice, and make the other two changes above (half a plate of green, leafy vegetables and daily exercise), you’ll be well on your way to losing weight.READ MORE: Everything You Need To Know About Type 1 Diabetes More

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      5 TikTok Teeth Trends A Dental Surgeon Says You Should Skip

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      It’s no secret that TikTok is a treasure trove of beauty and wellness tips. Some are genius; others, not so much. And when it comes to your teeth and TikTok trends, the wrong advice can do real damage – and believe me, I’ve seen the aftermath of a few. From DIY whitening pastes to “natural” straightening hacks, social media is brimming with bold promises and even bolder risks. So, how do you separate the smile-friendly from the downright scary? Let’s break down what’s trending – and what you should be doing instead.TREND: DIY Teeth Whitening With Lemon Juice & Baking SodaVERDICT: Hard noThis hack pops up [way too] often: mix lemon juice (acidic) with baking soda (abrasive) to create a DIY whitening paste. While it might look like it’s working at first, this combo can erode enamel, leading to tooth sensitivity, yellowing, and long-term damage.Safer swap: Opt for dentist-approved whitening toothpaste or book a professional in-chair whitening session. Home whitening kits available from your dentist are also a viable solution. At my practice, Bekker Dental & Aesthetics, we swear by Philips Zoom Whitening.TREND: Filing Teeth With Nail FilesVERDICT: Please don’t!Yes, some TikTokers are actually filing their teeth to “even them out” at home. This is incredibly dangerous. Enamel doesn’t grow back – and once it’s gone, you’re at risk of nerve damage, pain and permanent structural issues.Better idea: If you’re unhappy with the shape of your teeth, consult your dentist. There are gentle contouring and cosmetic options available, without ruining your enamel.READ MORE: The Surprising Way Your Menstrual Cycle Affects Your SmileTREND: Using Magic Erasers To Clean TeethVERDICT: TerrifyingMagic erasers are made of melamine foam, a harsh chemical abrasive meant for cleaning walls, not your teeth. Some influencers claim it whitens teeth instantly, but it can destroy enamel and expose sensitive inner layers of your teeth.Truth bomb: There’s no quick fix worth that kind of risk. When in doubt, don’t put anything in your mouth you wouldn’t want in your skincare routine.TREND: Charcoal Toothpaste For WhiteningVERDICT: Approach with cautionCharcoal toothpaste is trendy for its “natural” whitening appeal. While it can remove surface stains, many charcoal products are too abrasive for regular use and may wear down enamel over time.Pro tip: If you like using charcoal products, make sure they’re from a reputable brand and not used daily. Always look for the South African Dental Association (SADA) seal or consult your dentist.TREND: At-Home Teeth Aligners (Without a Dentist)VERDICT: Risky businessSome online companies offer mail-order aligners without an in-person exam. The problem? You may have underlying issues that only a dental professional can detect. Moving teeth without supervision can result in long-term bite problems or jaw pain.Smart move: Always consult an orthodontist or dentist before starting any kind of tooth movement, even if it’s cheaper online. Your long-term health is worth the investment and nowadays, there are a few options available to consider. So rather just start with a consult.READ MORE: Yes, Poor Oral Health Is Strongly Linked To Serious Disease While it’s tempting to try the latest TikTok “hack,” remember: your teeth aren’t trend-driven. Enamel doesn’t grow back, and your oral health plays a vital role in your overall well-being, from confidence to heart health.So before you hop on the next viral dental trend, ask yourself: Would your dentist approve? And if the answer is no, please scroll past with your healthy smile intact.Whether you’re whitening, brushing, or straightening, always check with your dentist or oral hygienist first. The safest trend? A healthy, confident, well-cared-for smile.By Dr Ockert Bekker, Founder and Dental Surgeon at Bekker Dental & Aesthetics

      About Dr Bekker

      Founder and Dental Surgeon at Bekker Dental & Aesthetics

      Dr. Ockert Bekker is a highly accomplished dental professional known for his passion and dedication to excellence in patient care and advanced dentistry. He holds a BChD from the University of the Western Cape (UWC), along with multiple postgraduate diplomas in Endodontic and Aesthetic Dentistry. His pursuit of continuous learning led him to complete an Implant Fellowship at New York University (NYU) and an Orthodontic Aligner Fellowship, further enhancing his ability to offer cutting-edge dental solutions.

      Dr. Bekker prides himself on staying at the forefront of modern dentistry, embracing a holistic approach to dental care that combines technical expertise with a patient-centred philosophy. His practice, Bekker Dental & Aesthetics, with branches in Durbanville and Paarl, is equipped with the latest technology to ensure personalised treatments that prioritise long-term oral health and aesthetic excellence.

      Renowned for going the extra mile, Dr. Bekker and his extensive team create a welcoming environment where patient comfort is paramount. Whether enhancing smiles with aesthetic treatments or restoring function through complex procedures, they deliver results that are as beautiful as they are lasting. More

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      Important Info To Familiarise Yourself With This Flu Season

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      ‘Tis the season for sniffles, groggy throats and itchy inner ears, and we don’t mean to sound like your GP here but… have you gotten your flu shot yet? The best time to get it is before the flu/cold strikes, advises Dr Gulam Karim, Medical Director at TruMD, an innovative healthcare platform that offers instant virtual consultations via a team of certified medical professionals and wellness experts.Between 6 000 and 11 000 South Africans die from flu every year, according to the National Department of Health – and of these deaths, 50 percent of the cases strike the elderly. If you’re a bit on the hesitant side to get jabbed by a needle, we totes get it (after all, there’s just no getting used to a needle sting). The flu shot can leave you feeling crappy too with some mild side effects that usually disappear after a day or two. Let’s get down to the basics…READ MORE: These Are The 7 Best Tips To Stay Super Healthy During Flu SeasonWhat Is Flu?First things first, flu is short for influenza. “It’s caused by a virus called haemophilus influenzae, which has different strains from year to year. These different strains develop into viruses that attack the immune system. The most vulnerable people are usually the elderly, young children and the undernourished,” explains Dr Gulam, stressing that good nourishment coupled with healthy lifestyle choices lessens one’s chances of a flu infection, but doesn’t necessarily make you immune to it.There are also those populations that are more vulnerable than others, per Dr Gulam. “These are people with diabetes, high blood pressure, chronic illnesses such as autoimmune disorders or immune deficiencies such as HIV/Aids and Tuberculosis,” he says, adding that a normal flu virus usually lasts three to four days and goes away with just basic over-the-counter treatment.“The percentage of people that die from influenza is very small – unless they have a concomitant disease that goes with it.”Dr GULAM KARIM, MEDICAL DIRECTOR AT TRUMDWhat Exactly Is In A Flu Shot?The flu vaccine is actually manufactured by using specific virus strains, says Dr Gulam. “Let’s assume that there were three different, but common, strains throughout the world in the previous year, then those three will be used to create a virus vaccine or an attenuated virus. The viruses are multiplied or intermarried millions of times, thereby making them weak. This intermarriage ensures that the next virus becomes weaker and weaker. The best time to get a flu shot is during autumn and before winter,” explains Dr Gulam, warning that some people do experience side effects. What’s injected into your body, in the form of a flu shot, does no harm as it’s a completely weakened virus, he adds. In addition, getting a flu vaccine after recovering from the flu is still encouraged. It helps protect you from other influenza strains and reduces the risk of future infections.READ MORE: What Is Oxidative Stress? Causes And How To Reduce It, According To ExpertsCan A Flu Shot Replace Good Nutrition?Definitely not, chimes in Dr Tamsyn Lee, Senior Medical Doctor at TruMD. “Nothing replaces good nutrition and a balanced lifestyle. Vitamin C and other micronutrients have alternative bodily functions other than protecting you against illnesses and pathogens,” says Dr Lee, urging that we think of the flu vaccine as a precaution rather. “It protects against serious illness and influenza complications such as pneumonia by preventing hospitalisation,” she warns.Dr Gulam adds: “If the flu doesn’t improve after two to three days, we strongly recommend seeing a medical doctor. Nourishment, bed rest, and taking basic treatment to prevent the flu from becoming pneumonic are vital. Even if it’s a viral pneumonia, it just means that you need additional support until the virus strain is relieved. Doctors may administer oxygen and there may be a need for an antibiotic at that point because you don’t want it to progress to a bacterial infection.”“It’s important to eat fresh vegetables and fruit during flu season.”DR KARIM GULAM, MEDICAL DIRECTOR AT TRUMDWhat Side Effects Should I Look Out For?The more common side effects include things like a minor fever, muscle aches, headache, very mild flu-like symptoms, but they also don’t usually last longer than a day or two, says Dr Lee. 1. Shoulder sorenessIf you receive the flu shot as an intramuscular injection (a.k.a. in your arm, typically), you have a 10 to 64 percent chance of experiencing some muscle soreness in your upper arm, according to the CDC.That’s because the needle is injected directly into the muscle, causing microscopic damage to the cells, and is designed to cause an inflammatory immune system response. You can take an over-the-counter pain reliever while you wait for the soreness to fade, but if the pain is very noticeable or decreasing your mobility, Dr Amesh Adalja, an infectious disease physician, recommends checking with your doctor.2. Redness or swelling at the injection siteAnytime you pierce the skin and put something into the body, it can cause a topical reaction, says Dr Adalja. This is just a sign that your immune system is activating. But the redness and swelling where your shot was administered is a common side effect that typically only lasts a few days. It’ll go away on its own, but if it’s really bugging you, you can take ibuprofen or paracetamol.3. Body achesAny vaccine can cause body aches because of the way in which they activate the immune system, says Dr Adalja. If you’re feeling sore in places other than your arm, it’s usually nothing to worry about, though Dr Adalja notes that the flu shot does take two weeks to become fully effective – so your body aches could be a sign of the actual flu, since viral strains are probably circulating around the time you get the vaccine.“The flu shot does take two weeks to become fully effective…”Dr Amesh Adalja, infectious disease physician AT THE JOHn hopkins center of health security4. Itching at the injection site or a full-body rashThis would signal an allergic reaction, but “it’s very rare to have an allergic reaction to the flu shot,” notes Dr Adalja. “There are lots of myths about egg allergies and the vaccine,” he explains – because most flu shots and nasal sprays are manufactured using technology that involves small amounts of egg proteins, as the CDC explains.“If you can eat scrambled eggs, you’re not going to have a problem with the flu shot,” says Dr Adalja. If you have a confirmed egg allergy, you can likely still get the shot, per the CDC.That said, if you experience severe itching at the injection site, a rash all over your body, or signs of anaphylactic shock, seek immediate medical attention. And if you’ve had an allergic reaction to the flu shot in the past, you are among those few groups of people who the CDC recommends skip the flu shot.READ MORE: 12 Foods That Will Help You Survive Cold and Flu Season5. FeverYou probably won’t get a fever because of the vaccine, but if you do, it should be low-grade (i.e. less than 38 degrees). If it’s higher than that, don’t blame your flu shot – you probably have a totally unrelated illness. “Remember that you’re getting the vaccine at the height of respiratory virus season,” says Dr Adalja. “So you may have been incubating another virus [without knowing it].”And once again (for the people in the back!): The flu shot cannot give you the flu. While some flu vaccines contain virus strains, they’re not live strains, so they can’t get you sick. Meanwhile, some flu shots don’t contain the virus at all (they only contain a specific protein from the influenza virus), per the CDC.6. Dizziness or faintingThis is less a side effect of the vaccine itself and more a side effect of a needle phobia, explains Dr Adalja. If you think you might have a stress reaction or faint, give your health care provider a heads up so they can make sure you stay seated after the shot to prevent injury.“If flu vaccine side effects worsen, last longer or don’t respond to basic symptomatic treatment like paracetamol, fluids and bedrest, then it is advisable to seek medical intervention as soon as possible.”Dr Tamsin lee, senior medical doctor, at TRUMDAt What Point Should I Start Taking My Side Effects Seriously?Very important to note is that if the symptoms worsen, last longer or don’t respond to basic symptomatic treatment like paracetamol, fluids and bed rest, then it is advisable to seek medical intervention as soon as possible. “A very rare side effect is probably an anaphylactic or allergic reaction. This is why it’s important for doctors to take a patient’s medical history to ensure that they don’t have something like an egg protein allergy,” says Dr Lee.READ MORE: The Proven Health Benefits Of Getting OutdoorsNot Keen On The Flu Jab?A healthy and balanced diet can still do wonders by boosting your immune system and helping fight off flu (and other infections), notes Dr Karim. Just ensure that your diet has enough vitamins C and B6, zinc, iron, selenium, amongst other nutrients. “The problem is that a lot of our food is modified – and sometimes we don’t really know what we’re eating. It’s important to eat fresh vegetables and fruit during flu season. These usually have all the vitamins needed to maintain a healthy immune system,” says Dr Karim. He adds that certain illnesses such as flu are so commercialised that people go into a frenzy about vitamin C supplements when they can simply eat oranges. In addition to good nutrition, Dr Lee stresses the importance of precautionary measures such as basic handwashing, keeping a safe distance between yourself and others, cleaning surfaces regularly, amongst others.Parts of this article were originally published on Women’s Health US – additional reporting added by the Women’s Health SA team. More