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    PCOS Diet Plan: The Best Foods To Eat (And Limit) When You Have PCOS, According To Experts

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    If you’ve ever dealt with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and its array of uncomfortable symptoms, you’re not alone. A complex endocrine disorder, PCOS throws reproductive hormones off balance, causing about eight to thirteen percent of women of reproductive age to experience issues like irregular or missed periods, polycystic ovaries (large ovaries with many small follicles) and excess body hair, per the World Health Organization (WHO). And although there’s no one-size-fits-all treatment for PCOS, sometimes, little changes can go a long way—including to your diet.

    From a functional medicine perspective—which emphasises a personalised, systems-oriented approach that considers the underlying causes of disease—nutrition plays a critical role in managing PCOS, says Samantha Schleiger.

    “A strategic approach when it comes to nutrition and PCOS is centred upon lowering inflammation, supporting balanced blood sugar and providing an overall nourishing nutrient-dense diet to the body.”

    READ MORE: Millions of Women Struggle With PCOS In South Africa, So Let’s Unpack It

    Meet the experts: Samantha Schleiger, RDN, is a functional dietician and women’s health specialist at Simply Nourished. Clare Goodwin is a registered nutritionist and founder of Ovie.io, an online clinic for PCOS support. Ana Cristina Lewis, RD, is a dietician and owner of Functional Nutrition By Ana.

    What’s the connection between PCOS and diet?

    There’s a lot to unpack, but PCOS is a multifaceted condition that generally affects various body processes, such as insulin resistance, inflammation and obesity. Having a healthy and balanced diet can improve insulin levels, reduce insulin resistance and inflammation, and help you manage weight, along with less-talked-about symptoms including fatigue, intense hunger and cravings, mood imbalances and poor gut health, says Clare Goodwin.

    Between fifty and ninety percent of women with PCOS are insulin resistant, per a study in Clinical Medicine—which means that the cells in the body struggle to absorb sugar from the blood. This causes blood sugar levels to spike, triggering the pancreas to produce more insulin in an attempt to help cells respond—but when the pancreas can’t keep up, blood sugar levels can reach diabetic levels, per Cleveland Clinic. Obesity exacerbates insulin resistance, creating a vicious cycle. So, making dietary changes may help improve things over time.

    Best Foods To Eat For PCOS

    If your doctor diagnoses you with PCOS, consider prioritising foods rich in protein, fibre and healthy fats, says Ana Cristina Lewis. “When meals have sufficient protein, fibre, healthy fat and nutrient-dense carbohydrates, it will promote satiety, support balanced energy levels throughout the day, and help avoid huge peaks and pits of blood sugar (which then helps insulin, too),” says Lewis. “By choosing whole food, high-quality versions of these foods, it will be anti-inflammatory in nature versus choosing processed, packaged versions.”

    It may also be helpful to go for foods that help regulate blood sugar and have anti-inflammatory properties, Schleiger says, such as:

    Leafy greens: Picks like spinach, kale, Swiss chard and arugula contain antioxidants and have anti-inflammatory components that may reduce chronic inflammation.

    Fruits: Blueberries, strawberries, raspberries and blackberries are all low-glycemic foods that support balanced blood sugar. Avocado is a great option, too.

    Fatty fish: Foods like wild salmon, mackerel, sardines and trout contain a high-quality protein. This is necessary for muscle repair and metabolic function, Schleiger says.

    Whole grains: High in fibre, options like quinoa, brown rice, oats and barley aid in blood sugar control. And may improve insulin sensitivity, per Schleiger.

    Legumes: Options like lentils, chickpeas, black beans and kidney beans are high in fibre and protein. It can help stabilise blood sugar levels and improve satiety, which ultimately helps weight management.

    Nut and seeds: Almonds, walnuts, flaxseeds and chia seeds contain protein and fibre, which support satiety and blood sugar regulation, Schleiger says.

    Vegetables: Cruciferous vegetables contain compounds that help reduce inflammation. That’s why broccoli, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts and cabbage are helpful options to add to your diet.

    Probiotic-rich foods: Yogurt, kefir, sauerkraut and kimchi can help improve your digestion and nutrient absorption, says Schleiger.

    Foods To Avoid/Limit When You Have PCOS

    Avoiding or limiting certain foods can prevent the worsening of symptoms, inflammation and insulin resistance, says Schleiger. This doesn’t mean tossing everything in your pantry, but it can help to be more cautious about consuming these foods:

    Sugary foods and beverages: sweets, candy, pastries, sugary cereals, soda and fruit juices with added sugar

    Refined carbohydrates: white bread, white rice, pasta and baked goods made with white flour

    Heavily processed foods: fast foods, processed snacks, processed meats, frozen dinners and anything with a lengthy ingredient list

    Alcohol: beer, wine and spirits

    Artificial sweeteners: aspartame, sucralose and saccharin

    7-Day PCOS Diet Plan

    Monday

    Breakfast: full-fat Greek yoghurt (prioritise grass-fed, organic options) with fresh berries. Plus, a variety of seeds (chia seeds, hemp hearts and ground flaxseeds) and a dollop of nut butter

    Lunch: quinoa salad with chickpeas, cucumbers, cherry tomatoes, feta cheese and a lemon-tahini dressing

    Dinner: baked salmon with a side of roasted Brussels sprouts and sweet potato

    Snack: sliced apple with almond butter and grass-fed droëwors

    Tuesday

    Breakfast: smoothie made with frozen berries, half a semi-green banana (which has a lower glycemic index than ripe bananas, Schleiger says), 1 scoop of quality protein powder, liquid (like unsweetened almond milk, cashew milk, etc.), spinach or kale, frozen cauliflower rice (Bonus: chia seeds, ground flaxseed, hemp hearts, pumpkin seeds, etc.)

    Lunch: grilled chicken breast with a mixed greens salad (spinach, kale, arugula and/or romaine) topped with walnuts, avocado and balsamic vinaigrette

    Dinner: stir-fried grass-fed beef with broccoli, bell peppers, snap peas and an organic white rice-cauliflower rice 50:50 mix

    Snack: fresh berries, raw cashews and string cheese

    Wednesday

    Breakfast: organic overnight oats topped with chia seeds, unsweetened almond milk, fresh blueberries and a drizzle of honey

    Lunch: lentil soup made with carrots, celery and spinach. Serve your soup with a side of whole-grain or sourdough bread and pastured butter

    Dinner: grilled wild shrimp and a quinoa-vegetable pilaf (bell peppers, zucchini, garlic and onions)

    Snack: fresh cherries served alongside carrot sticks with hummus

    Thursday

    Breakfast: scrambled pastured eggs (with spinach, tomatoes, mushrooms, onions and feta cheese) served with a whole-grain English muffin and a side of fresh fruit

    Lunch: turkey and avocado slices wrapped in a tortilla with lettuce, tomato and red onion (with avocado-based mayonnaise)

    Dinner: baked cod with a side of roasted purple cauliflower, steamed green beans and a baked potato

    Snack: greek yoghurt topped with homemade granola and a handful of raw nuts

    Friday

    Breakfast: chia pudding made with chia seeds and coconut milk and topped with fresh raspberries and ground flaxseeds

    Lunch: chickpea and vegetable curry with brown rice and a side of fresh mixed berries

    Dinner: grilled chicken skewers with bell peppers and onions served with a side of mixed greens salad and a side of whole grain rice

    Snack: fresh fruit salad (melon, berries and kiwi) served alongside cottage cheese

    Saturday

    Breakfast: pastured hard-boiled eggs topped with bagel seasoning and seaweed sprinkles served alongside whole-grain avocado toast topped with feta cheese and cherry tomatoes

    Lunch: canned wild tuna/salmon salad made with celery, onions, capers, cucumbers and avocado-based mayonnaise served inside a whole-grain or nut-based tortilla

    Dinner: stuffed bell peppers made from ground turkey, black beans, onions, quinoa and tomatoes

    Snack: half an avocado sprinkled with sea salt, pepper and seaweed flakes served alongside cucumber slices and turkey roll-ups

    Sunday

    Breakfast: smoothie bowl with blended spinach, banana, almond milk, topped with granola, sliced strawberries and chia seeds

    Lunch: Mediterranean salad made from mixed greens, olives, cucumber, tomatoes, red onion, chickpeas, feta cheese and sliced grilled chicken served with a lemon-olive oil dressing

    Dinner: baked eggplant parmesan (using almond flour for breading) with a side of whole-grain pasta and marinara sauce

    Snack: dark chocolate with a handful of almonds

    How To Treat And Manage PCOS

    A healthy and balanced diet is one way to manage PCOS, per a study in the journal Maedica—but making other lifestyle modifications can be helpful, too. For example, incorporating exercise throughout your day can help, Lewis says.

    “Ideally there is an enjoyable movement that provides a mix of cardio and strength training throughout the week without being too taxing on the nervous system,” she says. “Avoid working out after an overnight fast to avoid putting extra stress on the body.”

    Practising good sleep hygiene may also help with PCOS management, and you should try to aim for seven to nine hours of quality sleep per night if you can, Schleiger recommends.

    “Poor sleep can affect insulin sensitivity, increase stress hormones and disrupt overall hormonal balance as our bodies heavily rely on healthy circadian rhythms,” she says.

    In addition to a nourishing diet, exercise and getting plenty of sleep, try reducing your stress levels. Chronic stress can worsen PCOS symptoms and throw your hormones off balance, according to Schleiger. You can do this by journaling, deep breathing, meditation, yoga, or whatever helps quell your nervous system. While there’s no one end-all solution for PCOS, taking a holistic wellness approach can help you reduce inflammation, prevent insulin resistance and manage conditions associated with PCOS better.

    This article written by Kayla Hui first appeared on Women’s Health US. More

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      What To Know About MPox, Treatments & What To Do If Infected

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      Unsurprisingly, winter sees its fair share of viruses doing the rounds. And now, South Africa is witnessing an outbreak of mpox (previously known as monkeypox). As of June 2024, the South African government has confirmed 16 cases of mpox since the outbreak in May 2024. These confirmed diagnoses come from laboratory testing. All cases are males, aged between 23-43 years old.

      What is mpox?

      Mpox is an infectious disease caused by the monkeypox virus. Per the South African government, “it can be transmitted to a person through contact with the virus from an animal, human, or materials contaminated with the virus.”

      Anyone can become infected, regardless of age, sexual orientation, gender or race. The people most at risk include children, pregnant people and those with chronic conditions (like HIV, TB or diabetes). While the virus is preventable and treatable, three people have died in South Africa from mpox.

      Mpox can spread by:

      touching, kissing or having sex with an infected person

      hunting, skinning or cooking infected animals

      being in contact with contaminated materials like sheets, needles or clothes

      passing on the infection to your baby, if pregnant

      What are the symptoms of mpox?

      Per the World Health Organisation (WHO), “common symptoms of mpox are a skin rash or mucosal lesions which can last two to four weeks, accompanied by fever, headache, muscle aches, back pain, low energy, and swollen lymph nodes.”

      Typically, the first symptoms include a sore throat, fever and muscle aches.

      For some people, the first symptom may be a rash – but everyone is different. The rash can appear anywhere on the body. Your rash could appear:

      on the palms of your hands or the soles of your feet

      on your face, mouth or throat

      in the groin or genital area, including the anus

      Some people also have painful swelling of their rectum or pain and difficulty when peeing.

      What to do if you have mpox

      According to a statement released by the National Institute for Communicable Diseases, “The Department of Health urges members of the public who experience suspected symptoms of Mpox disease to visit their nearest healthcare provider for screening and testing to ensure early diagnosis and effective treatment to prevent further spread of the disease.”

      For treating mpox, the focus is on treating the rash, managing pain and preventing complications. The recovery from mpox could take two to four weeks.

      The WHO recommends staying home, treating your symptoms and isolating from others. If you’re around others, wear a mask and cover up lesions.

      To treat the rash, the WHO recommends the following:

      cover lesions when around others

      do sitz baths with baking soda or Epsom salts

      take painkillers

      don’t pick at your skin or pop blisters – this can spread the rash

      clean your hands very regularly to prevent spreading the virus

      Read more to stay healthy: More

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      Unlocking Gut Health: The Power Of Probiotic Supplements According To A Medical Expert

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      Trusting your gut feeling is encouraged if the situation is certain. However, when your gut health is anything but healthy, we recommend scrolling down to read more on how to remedy the situation. Here’s how to find the perfect probiotic to combat gut deficiencies. 

      Meet The Expert: Sam Swaine is a vitamin and supplements counsellor and founder of The Rebalance Lab. The lab provides a holistic approach to ageing and longevity.

      What Is Gut Health?

      Gut health is the health of your entire digestive system, including the microorganisms living in your digestive tract. When your gut is healthy, it can break down food, provide essential nutrients and support body systems with ease. If you have come across terms such as Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS), acid reflux disorder, gluten intolerance and more of this sort, this alludes to an unhealthy gut. To fight these off, look to probiotics and find the next addition for your supplement drawer. 

      READ MORE: What To Eat To Keep Your Gut Healthy And Your Skin Glowing

      What Are Probiotics?

      According to Sam Swaine, probiotics are living bacteria and yeasts that are good for our digestive system. Probiotics carry bacteria which many may think are harmful but on the contrary, the “germs” or bacteria are ‘good’ bacteria which, as Swaine illustrates, “…add to our existing supply of friendly microbes which also helps us fight infections and boosts our immunity.”

      For improved gut health, probiotics have been known to “…improve symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome, help manage diarrhoea, boost the immune system and help maintain your microbiome or get it back in balance after it’s been disturbed.”

      “A good probiotic is allergen-free and doesn’t trigger any food sensitivities or upset your digestive system.”

      Probiotic Supplements Recommended For Gut Health

      “When choosing a probiotic, it’s important to look at Colony Forming Units (CFUs). This measures the number of active microorganisms found in a serving of probiotics. It is recommended that a probiotic taken for general gut health should have at least 10-20 billion CFUs according to research” says Swaine.

      Bifidobacteria

      It helps support the immune system and limit the growth of harmful bacteria in the intestine. They also help digest fibre and assist in producing important vitamins that the body needs.

      Lactobacillus

      It is a variety of bacteria that produces lactase – the enzyme that breaks down lactose, or milk sugar. These bacteria also produce lactic acid. Lactic acid helps control the population of bad bacteria and increases the body’s absorption of minerals. 

      Helpful tip by Swaine: always read the ingredients on the bottle of your probiotic, choose a brand that is transparent about the probiotic strains in their supplement and all the additional ingredients you’ll find in their product.

      Who Should Not Take Probiotic Supplements?

      “Probiotics are generally safe, but you should always consult a healthcare specialist before taking any supplement,” says Swaine. Although probiotics are recommended here is a list of people Swaine advises to hold off the probiotics.

      People with weakened immune systems taking immunosuppressant drugs.

      People with critical and chronic illnesses. 

      People who have just had surgery as their immune system is compromised. 

      People with severe food allergies

      People with preexisting gastrointestinal disorders.

      READ MORE: “I Drank Kombucha Every Day For 10 Days — It Was Amazing”

      Healthy Habits You Should Consider To Accommodate The Probiotics

      Recommendations by our expert, Sam, on how to help you “maintain a happy and balanced gut.”

      Avoid processed foods and foods high in sugar as these foods decrease the amount of “good” bacteria and diversity in your gut.

      Eat a diet that is rich in fermented foods, these contain a natural source of probiotics.

      Examples include yoghurt, kefir, kimchi, sauerkraut, pickles, miso, and tempeh. 

      Drinks like kombucha are also a great source of probiotics, and speaking of drinks, keeping hydrated with water is crucial for a healthy gut.

      Eat high-fibre foods. 

      Look to collagen-rich foods like bone broth.

      Find foods that are rich in polyphenols (plant compounds supporting beneficial gut bacteria) such as blueberries, plums, cherries, apples, strawberries, black currants, black olives, dark chocolate, black tea, coffee, hazelnuts, and pecan nuts.

      Good quality sleep.

      Regular exercise.

      Manage stress levels. 

      Words by: Lesego Kgatle More

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      These Changes Mean You Might Have An STI – Here’s What They Mean (And What To Do)

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      Part of being a woman assigned at birth can mean there’s always something worrying you. Feeling super emotional? Your period might be on the way! If your period is a little late, you’re probably already obsessing over whether you’re pregnant (even though the last time you had sex was years ago)! And if you experience any vaginal changes? You guessed it – you’re worried you might have contracted an STI. While these are all valid concerns, we’re here to break down the most common STI symptoms and what they mean. The good news is that there are things you can do to protect yourself from infection and treatments are available. But arming yourself with knowledge about STIs can go a long way in keeping you safe.

      Why is knowing STI symptoms important?

      The more you know about STI symptoms, the more you can protect yourself. And, according to the National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD), “in 2017, there were an estimated 2.3 million new cases of gonorrhoea, 1.9 million new chlamydia cases and 23 175 new syphilis cases among women aged between 15 and 49.” The website continues to note that “these high numbers of STI cases in South Africa have partly been due to inadequate prevention and treatment gaps.” Indeed.

      Um, what’s the difference between an STD and an STI?

      Excellent question! An STI (sexually transmitted infection) “refers to an infection that is transmitted through sexual activity,” explains Dr Mpume Zenda, an obstetrician, gynaecologist and sexologist. “A sexually transmitted disease (STD) refers to a specific condition or illness that has developed as a result of a sexually transmitted infection.” Noted!

      STIs include curable infections like chlamydia, gonorrhoea, syphilis, and trichomonas. An STI could also be an incurable but treatable condition, like herpes simplex virus, HIV and human papillomavirus (HPV), Dr Zenda explains.

      READ MORE: What’s The Difference Between STDs And STIs?

      How treatable are STIs?

      Per Dr Zenda, it depends on the infection. Chlamydia, gonorrhoea, syphilis, and trichomonas can be cured with antibiotics. Incurable STIs like herpes, HIV and HPV can be treated with medication and “effective treatment with antiretroviral medication suppresses viral replication,” Dr Zenda notes.

      Can you have an STI but no symptoms?

      Yes, you can. “Some STIs cause no symptoms or only mild symptoms,” says Dr Zenda. But, importantly, even if you exhibit no symptoms, you can still pass the infection on to someone else. For this reason, “if you start a new sexual relationship, get tested for STIs,” advises Dr Jireh Serfontein, clinical head of My Sexual Health Pretoria. Also, “the risk of contracting HIV is much higher if you have an STI, so get tested and treated,” she says.

      How long does it take for an STI to ‘appear’?

      “Every STI has its own incubation period,” explains Dr Zenda. “For some, the body begins to produce antibodies and symptoms in as little as a few days.” Below are the typical timelines for when STI symptoms appear. But know that for some people, it can take weeks or months for an infection to manifest.

      Gonorrhoea: 1 – 7 days

      Chlamydia: 7 – 21 days

      Genital and oral herpes: 2 – 12 days

      HIV: 2 – 4 weeks

      HPV: 1 month – 10 years

      Syphilis: 3 weeks – 20 years  

      Because STI symptoms can take long to show up, it’s important to get tested. It’s also why STI tests use antibodies to detect infection and not symptoms, explains Dr Zenda.

      READ MORE: 8 Things You’ve Heard About STDs That Are Totally Untrue

      What happens if an STI never gets treated?

      Because STIs affect the reproductive tract, explains Dr Zenda, the risk of untreated STIs is that they can affect your reproductive organ. “Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), caused by infection of the uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries can lead to infertility,” she says. Added to that, here are other complications from untreated STIs.

      Untreated STIs can affect your pregnancy

      “Pregnant people with untreated chlamydia, for example, are at a greater risk of miscarriage, premature birth, and stillbirth,” explains Dr Zenda.

      Untreated STIs can infect a baby

      Per the National Institutes of Health, a sexually transmitted infection can cross into the placenta and infect the baby in the womb. “High HIV viral loads increase the risk of transmitting the virus to the child during delivery or breastfeeding,” explains Dr Zenda. “Gonorrhoea can be passed from parent to child during vaginal delivery, causing a potentially severe eye infection. Syphilis and herpes can be potentially fatal in a newborn.”

      READ MORE: How Long Does A UTI Last And Can It Go Away On Its Own?

      STI symptoms and what they mean

      Burning sensation when peeing

      While your first instinct could be to think that a burning sensation points to an STI symptom, Dr Zenda says it’s more likely to be a UTI (or urinary tract infection). But yes, in some cases, an STI could cause the burning sensation because of cross-infection, she says. “The pain comes from inflammation in your urinary tract. Bacteria can cling to the lining (mucus membranes) of the urethra, which is the tube urine comes out of, causing inflammation.”

      Per Dr Serfontein, “STIs that cause burning can include herpes, chlamydia, gonorrhoea, trichomoniasis, ureaplasma or mycoplasma.”

      Unusual discharge

      While discharge can change in quality throughout your menstrual cycle, there are times when your discharge signals an STI. “Changes in the colour, texture, smell or amount of your usual vaginal discharge may mean there is a problem,” says Dr Zenda. “Vaginal discharge that is chunky, foamy or accompanied by itching and changes in colour may mean you have an infection.”

      But! Not all unusual discharge means you have an STI. In some cases, a change in your PH levels, like with a yeast infection or bacterial vaginosis, could result in unusual discharge. In any case, those require treatment, so see your doc.

      READ MORE: At-Home Test Kits: From Ovulation To STDs, Here’s How To Get Results At Home

      Abnormal bleeding

      Two periods in one month? What fresh hell? Take heart: abnormal bleeding could be caused by things other than an STI. It could be a side-effect of starting a new contraception method, but still, it’s very important to see your doctor to rule out any other serious causes, “especially when the bleeding is heavy, post-intercourse, or associated with pain and offensive odour,” says Dr Zenda. Other causes of abnormal bleeding include:

      Cervicitis (inflammation)

      Vaginal tears (especially from poor lubrication)

      Polyps or fibroids

      Pregnancy-related (from ectopic pregnancy or miscarriage )

      Infections including, STIs

      Cancer (cervical, vaginal or endometrial)

      If you’re experiencing abnormal vaginal bleeding, see your doc, stat.

      Itchy vaginal sensation

      Unless you’ve just shaved down there, the itching sensation is not normal, says Dr Serfontein. “It can mean that there is irritation of the skin and mucous membranes in the genital region,” she explains.

      However, it might not be an STI symptom, either. “A yeast infection (thrush) caused by candida typically presents with an itching or burning sensation,” explains Dr Serfontein. Another thing that could cause that itchy sensation? Dermatological conditions like lichen sclerosis. “Some women might experience itching or burning due to side effects of a contraceptive pill as well,” adds Dr Serfontein.

      But if your itching is a sign of an STI, there will be accompanying symptoms, says Dr Serfontein. These could include abnormal vaginal discharge. “But it is important to note that you can have those infections without any symptoms at all, that is why it is so important to get regular STI testing,” says Dr Serfontein.

      Painful sex

      Again, there are other reasons sex could become painful other than an STI. “It is important to determine when the pain started, what type of pain you have and where exactly you experience the pain,” says Dr Serfontein.

      For one, painful sex could be a result of vaginismus. “This is caused by the muscles around the vagina that are in spasm and will result in penetration being painful,” explains Dr Serfontein. In this instance, even using a tampon could be too painful.

      If your pain is deep and located in the lower abdominal area, it could be caused by a cyst or pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). “This usually occurs when sexually transmitted bacteria spread from the vagina to the womb (uterus), fallopian tubes or ovaries,” says Dr Serfontein.

      “It is not that easy to distinguish between sex-related pain and pain caused by an STI,” Dr Serfontein notes. But there are STIs that can cause pain during sex, like chlamydia and gonorrhoea, which causes vaginal irritation that can lead to pain. “Genital herpes can cause blister or sores in the genitals which can also lead to painful sex,” says Dr Serfontein.

      In any case, pain during sex is not normal, she says, so go and see your doc if this happens to you.

      READ MORE: Why Am I Bleeding During Sex? Gynaecologists Explain Common Reasons And Treatments

      Bumps on the vagina

      Bumps could be caused by infection or benign conditions like ingrown hairs, says Dr Serfontein. Infections that could result in bumps include:

      Genital warts: “These lesions will be wart-like in appearance and are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV),” says Dr Serfontein.

      Molluscum: “These lesions are flesh-coloured, round and painless bumps. This is caused by a viral infection called molluscum contagiosum.”

      Genital herpes: “These lesions are blisters and are caused by the herpes virus. It would typically be accompanied by pain in the genital area.”

      Pelvic pain

      “Pain means that there is a problem, it is important to see a doctor,” says Dr Serfontein. “Pelvic pain could be because of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). This usually occurs when sexually transmitted bacteria spread from the vagina to the womb (uterus), fallopian tubes or ovaries.”  You might also experience abnormal discharge, says Dr Serfontein.

      But aside from being an STI symptom, pelvic pain can also be caused by these:

      Bladder infection (UTI) – “A UTI might also cause burning urine or frequent urination,” says Dr Serfontein.

      Cyst on the ovaries

      Problems with the gastrointestinal system

      Referred pain from other regions

      If you’re experiencing any of these unusual symptoms, it’s always a good idea to get things checked out by a doctor. More

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      What To Know About Swine Flu Symptoms + What To Do

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      This season, the winter flu has come, with health officials warning about the reported cases of swine flu (now called N1H1). Here’s what to know about swine flu symptoms and how it differs from the ‘regular’ flu.

      What is swine flu?

      To answer this, we need a brief science lesson. Within the flu family, different strains exist. The ‘typical’ flu differs from swine flu (called Influenza A (N1H1)) because it’s a different strain.

      N1H1, or ‘swine flu’, is so named because it usually circulates in pigs but is now infecting people. This doesn’t mean people are getting sick from interacting with pigs – the virus spreads from humans to humans. This is called a “variant influenza virus”, according to the World Health Organization. And, interestingly, the same virus was also called the Spanish flu in 1918.

      Other strains that people have been infected with include influenza B/Victoria and influenza A(H3N2).

      What are the swine flu symptoms?

      According to the Western Cape government, these are the typical symptoms of N1H1:

      A sudden onset of high fever (usually above  38.3°C)

      Cough

      Runny or stuffy nose

      Sore throat

      Headache

      Body aches

      Chills

      Tiredness

      Lack of appetite

      Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhoea

      Many of these symptoms don’t seem much different from the ‘regular’ flu and the treatment is also much the same. However, there are cases when you should seek emergency care, per the Western Cape government:

      Fast breathing or trouble breathing

      Bluish or grey skin colour

      Severe or persistent vomiting

      READ MORE: What To Eat To Avoid Colds And Boost Your Immune System, According To A Dietician

      What is the treatment for N1H1?

      If your case is mild (and not severe), the Western Cape Government advises the following measures:

      “Stay at home for seven days after your symptoms begin or until you have been symptom-free for 24 hours, whichever is longer,” the website notes.

      Drink plenty of fluids (coffee and tea don’t count here: rather stick to water, electrolyte blends and broth.)

      Take your prescribed medication from a doctor (these may include anti-viral meds)

      Take painkillers to relieve fever and body aches, like paracetamol or ibuprofen. Important: only take pain medication for instances where you have pain or fever.

      Throw away used tissues as soon as possible to prevent the spread of infection

      Wash your hands regularly, to avoid spreading disease.

      READ MORE: Are Wellness Shots With Turmeric, Ginger, Or ACV Actually Good For You? A Dietician Weighs In

      How to prevent getting ill

      Health experts always advocate for regular hand washing, covering your mouth when coughing and sneezing and staying healthy by eating lots of vegetables and drinking plenty of water.

      Also, it’s a very good idea to get a flu vaccine. These can be done at your doctor, clinic or pharmacy. If you’re at risk of having a severe case of flu, you should get a vaccine. Per the South African Government News Agency, people at risk include:

      Adults older than 65

      Pregnant people

      People with underlying illnesses such as heart and lung disease 

      People living with HIV and tuberculosis

      READ MORE: 3 Superfoods To Add To Your Grocery List This Winter 

      Michelle October

      Michelle is the features editor at WH. She’s immensely curious about the world, passionate about health and wellness and enjoys a good surf when the waves are good. Find her on Instagram here. More

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      How To Get Fit At 40 – And Thriving Healthy Tips

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      This is the prime of your life – yes, your 40s are it! It’s a time when staying active and taking care of your health becomes even more crucial. As your body goes through changes, it’s essential to understand how to adapt your fitness routines accordingly.

      Engaging in physical activity also supports cognitive function, keeping your mind sharp and focused as you navigate the challenges of work and family life. It can improve sleep quality, which becomes increasingly important as hormonal changes may disrupt your rest.

      By incorporating exercise into your routine, you’re investing in a healthier future self by promoting cardiovascular health and supporting bone density. Plus, staying active can enhance flexibility and balance to prevent injuries that may be more common as we age.

      “If you’re not engaging in regular aerobic and strength training by your forties, it’s possible there may be a shift towards insulin insensitivity,” says Dr Amal Hassan, a sports and exercise medicine consultant. Oestrogen optimises insulin levels (the hormone needed to move glucose out of your bloodstream and keep blood sugar levels regulated)

      Unilateral Training

      In your forties, unilateral (single-sided) moves should be front and centre of your strength training routine. “Exercises such as single-leg Romanian deadlifts and single-arm dumbbell rows, are great for improving balance and ironing out any muscular imbalances,” says McGowan. “By doing them, you test your balance and work oneside of your body at a time, which isolates and strengthens weak muscles.” It’s a game changer for injury prevention, too.

      Quick, Short Bursts of Activity

      Giving your metabolism a boost is the name of the game, here. “Regular activity is vital for reducing the risk of insulin insensitivity, which could lead to diabetes and weight gain, as exercise moves blood sugar into the muscles for storage and promotes an immediate increase in insulin sensitivity, rather than leaving excess insulinfloating in your body,” explains Dr Hassan. “Short walks after meals and reducing alcohol intake to within the guidelines (or lower) are powerful ways to improve your metabolism.” The thinking is that rather than aiming for longer 20-minute sessions, know that four five-minute bursts could also work wonders.

      Do More Balanced Moves

      Your balance may also begin to wobble a little. Research in Frontiers In Neurology found that the ‘vestibular threshold’ was more than 80% higher in participants over the age of 40.

      Get Fit In Your 40s: The 10 Minute Stretch

      Instructions: Complete the exercises in this yoga workout in order. Move from one to the next without resting. Rest 45 to 60 seconds at the end of the circuit, then repeat for up to three rounds

      READ MORE: The 14 Yoga Stretches To Do Daily If You Want To Become More Flexible

      1. Sukhasana To Half Moon

      Start in an easy seated pose (Sukhasana). Sit like this for a minute with your eyes closed and hands in your lap, breathing deeply. Raise your arms to the sky and then over to your right into half moon.

      Repeat on the left, then inhale, raising your arms up again and lengthening your spine. Exhale as you reach your hands in front of you.

      2. Cat And Cow

      Place your hands on the floor, then walk them forward and move onto all fours. Spend a few breaths performing cat and cow: inhale and arch your back, sticking your tailbone up.

      Exhale and round your back, tucking your tailbone. Continue alternating.

      READ MORE: Boost Your Morning Routine With This Easy 15-Minute Yoga Flow

      3. Downward-facing Dog To Standing Mountain

      From cat and cow, push up into downward-facing dog .

      Walk your hands back towards your feet, or your feet towards your hands, and exhale into forward fold, then roll up into a standing mountain pose.

      READ MORE: This 6-Move Yoga Sequence Will Seriously Strengthen Your Tummy

      Foods You Should Be Eating In Your 40s

      Proper nutrition plays a critical role in staying fit and healthy, especially as you hit your 40s. As your metabolism starts to slow down, it becomes even more important to fuel your body with the right nutrients. Eating a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, lean proteins and whole grains can help maintain a healthy weight and provide sustained energy throughout the day.

      In your 40s increasing your protein intake from 15 percent of your total calories to 30 percent can help you boost the calories your body burns during digestion.

      Switch to low-GI foods rich in soluble fibre, which helps to lower bad cholesterol. These include: Green vegetables, some fruits, kidney beans, chickpeas and lentils.

      Hydration is another essential aspect of proper nutrition that often gets overlooked but is crucial for maintaining energy levels and supporting bodily functions.

      Habits To Avoid In Your 40s

      “I often see clients putting pressure on themselves when they notice that their bodies are changing due to hormones,” says McGowan.

      “Consistency is key but going all out isn’t necessary. I recommend two or three moderate to intense workouts per week, but the most important thing is to reduce sedentary behaviour – stand as often as you can and always walk to your destination if it’s an option.”

      Bragg agrees: “Your body is going through a huge hormonal shift – oestrogen and progesterone levels decrease as ovaries stop producing them, and the control hormones (FSH, follicle-stimulating hormone and LH, luteinising hormone) released by the pituitary gland in the brain shoot up. This all contributes to the most common menopausal symptoms, including fatigue, weight gain and hot flushes. Doing intense workouts will only send hormonal imbalance further off-kilter as they increase the stress hormone cortisol.” Try incorporating at least one yoga session per week.

      This article written by Bridie Wilkins first appeared in the July/August 2022 Issue of Women’s Health UK additional reporting by the Women’s Health SA team.

      Icons at Freepik – Flaticon More

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      8 Things You’ve Heard About STDs That Are Totally Untrue

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      Unhappy news: STIs are on the rise in South Africa. This year, the Gauteng Department of Health issued a plea for South Africans not to engage in risky sexual behaviour after the region saw a spike in Male Urethritis Syndrome (MUS), something commonly caused by gonorrhoea and chlamydia. One thing that could be driving rising STI levels? STD myths, along with many people having unprotected sex.

      To avoid spreading misinformation – and STIs – we’re debunking some common STD myths with the truth.

      STD Myth: Once you’ve got an STI, you can’t get the same one again

      Reality: STIs like chlamydia, gonorrhoea and syphilis are bacterial infections and “once you’re cured of those, you can absolutely be re-infected,” says Fred Wyand, director of communications for the American Sexual Health Association, a nonprofit dedicated to promoting sexual health. It’s especially common with gonorrhoea and chlamydia. Researchers from the Netherlands found 20.4 percent of women with chlamydia were re-infected when tested again five to eight months later.

      Myth: You can’t get STIs from oral sex

      Reality: “In general, most of the STIs we talk about don’t do their thing quite as well in the mouth as well as they do in the genital or anal area,” says Wyand. Even though oral sex is safer sex, it’s not risk-free, and vag contact is not a requirement to become infected. Gonorrhoea, syphilis, and chlamydia, to a lesser extent, can all be passed orally.

      Myth: You can’t have two STIs at once

      Reality: Having two STIs at once – called co-infection – is extremely possible. “Actually, having one STI may increase the susceptibility to another,” says Wyand. Take herpes, for example. An outbreak can act as a breeding ground for HIV if your partner has it. Being infected with other STDs also increases your risk of developing HIV. Plus, a 2020 study also found that 83.3% of HIV-positive women in KwaZulu-Natal have other STIs too.

      READ MORE: Can You Really Get An STD From Kissing?

      Myth: If you don’t have any symptoms, you’re STD-free

      Reality: “It is very common for any STD to not have apparent symptoms,” says Wyand. Chlamydia, in particular, is known as a silent infection since it’s light on warning signs. “Women can go much longer with chlamydia without seeing or feeling anything atypical,” says Wyand. In fact, a study published in the journal Sexually Transmitted Diseases found that 63 percent of cervical chlamydia cases and 54 percent of gonorrhoea cases were symptom-free.

      Myth: You can only catch herpes during an outbreak

      Reality: From sores around the genital area to cold sores around the mouth, it’s easy to see why so many people think they can spot a herpes infection from a mile away. It’s not so simple, though. Even if there are no sores in sight, the infection could be lurking beneath the surface. “The virus can and does become active even if you don’t see anything,” says Wyand. Still, that doesn’t mean herpes will automatically be transferred to a partner. Many couples are able to keep their sex lives active without the unaffected partner ever acquiring it, so long as they’re open to using condoms and having honest discussions, says Wyand.

      Myth: A pap smear tests for STDs

      Reality: Many women assume (incorrectly) that a yearly visit to the OB-GYN is all it takes to make sure everything down there is A-OK. A pap smear tests the cells in your cervix for cancer and HPV but doesn’t take STIs into account. To cover yourself, ask your gyno to tack on an STI test at your next visit. That might call for a blood or urine sample, or another swab test.

      READ MORE: What’s The Difference Between STDs and STIs?

      Myth: The pill protects you from STDs

      Reality: The Pill’s main job is to keep you baby-free, not STI-free. Condoms are the only birth control method that acts as protection against STDs.

      Myth: Only women with many partners have STIs

      Reality: No slut-shaming here. While it’s true that the more partners you have, the more you’ll be exposed to infections, STIs rear their ugly heads even in monogamous relationships. Each party brings their own sexual history to the bedroom – and sometimes that history involves an STI. “Even in a monogamous relationship, if either one of the partners has had previous partners, there could be an STD from many years ago that they’re not even aware of that can still be transmitted,” says Wyand. Truth is, most sexually active people will have an STD at some point, so it shouldn’t be shameful. “More and more we’re saying, ‘Do you know what it means to have an STD?’” says Wyand. “It means you’re pretty normal.”

      READ MORE: It’s Time To Stop Believing These Sexual Health Myths More

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      What’s The Difference Between STDs And STIs?

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      You probably learned to group conditions such as herpes, chlamydia and genital warts under the term STD, meaning sexually transmitted disease. But in the past five years or so, these three consonants have increasingly been replaced by STI (sexually transmitted infection), leading many to ask: what’s the actual difference between STDs and STIs?

      Is the term STD… out of fashion?

      More and more OB-GYNs seem to use the latter term when they discuss conditions like herpes and chlamydia with their patients. And if you’ve Googled the topic lately (no judgment!), you probably see STI more than you used to. The short answer? Yeah, in a move to de-stigmatise sexually transmitted complications, the term STD is being used less and less. But the semantics are rooted in a subtle scientific distinction.

      So… what’s the difference between STDs and STIs?

      An STD, or sexually transmitted disease, is so named when a sexually transmitted infection (STI) leads to symptoms. A symptom, or manifestation of an infection in the body, could be something like sores, itchiness or burning. But, importantly, not all STIs present symptoms. Things like HPV, for example, can present no symptoms and can go away on their own. Other STIs like syphilis can also exhibit no symptoms. And, not all STIs progress into STDs. But all STDs start out as STIs. Make sense?

      Why the change?

      More experts are starting to prefer STI because they think it carries less of a stigma.
”The word ‘disease’ implies that a person has a set of distinctive, identifiable symptoms and most of the time, sexually transmitted infections do not present any symptoms,” says Carolyn Deal, chief of the sexually transmitted diseases branch of the National Institutes of Health’s National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. (Despite the branch name, Dean says her colleagues have made the switch to the term STI.)

      Plus, when signs of an STI do appear, they’re often mild or cause no real problem. That makes the term disease feel off, especially considering that millions of people have or have had one, says Fred Wyand, director of communications at the American Sexual Health Association.

      Switching the terminology also has to do with removing the association with shame and unseemliness that the letters STD still have. The word ‘disease’ has a stigma, while ‘infection’ reflects something more benign and less scary, says Deal.

      The bottom line: It’s a good idea to use the term STI in an effort to make everyone feel less intimidated – and to help mitigate the stigma. But if you stick to the old-school STD, it’s not like your friends, partner, and OB-GYN won’t know what you’re talking about. More

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      Um, Can You Really Get An STD From Kissing?

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      We’re willing to bet you’ve asked yourself a ton of questions about kissing… when you were 13. Now, though, aside from hoping their beard’s not too scratchy or they don’t have a cold, you’re not too worried about smooches. Right? Well… per experts, it turns out you could get an STD from kissing. Read it and weep – then protect yourself with knowledge and these tips.

      Can you get an STD from kissing?

      Alas, you actually can. A peck on the mouth (or a full-blown, let-me-shove-my-tongue-down-your-throat make-out session) can actually transmit a couple of different types of STDs [insert cringing emoji here]: herpes simplex virus (HSV) 1 and 2 and syphilis, says Dr Teena Chopra, corporate medical director of infection prevention and hospital epidemiology at Detroit Medical Center and Wayne State University.

      Talk about a mood killer. Luckily, you don’t have to swear off kissing forever—buuut, it’s a good idea to just be aware of what can be spread through spit-swapping. Here’s what you need to know about the two STDs you can get through kissing.

      What to know about getting herpes from kissing:

      Herpes simplex virus (HSV 1 and 2) infections are one of the most common STDs and, once contracted, they last a lifetime, according to the American National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID).

      “Once a person has been infected, the virus can remain dormant (latent) for years before periodically reactivating to cause recurrent disease,” the website notes. Which is why it’s also important to note: people who don’t know they have herpes can still spread herpes, per the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

      Whereas HSV-1 is responsible for oral herpes, HSV-2 is what causes genital herpes. However, oral herpes can be spread from the mouth to the genitals as a result of oral sex (when herpes is active), which is how some cases of genital herpes are caused by HSV-1, according to the CDC. And, yes, the reverse is also true: Genital herpes can be passed from one person’s genitals to another person’s mouth, causing oral herpes. Talk about a vicious cycle.

      READ MORE: This Is EXACTLY What Men Think… During Sex

      How to navigate herpes with your partner

      If you’re concerned about herpes (and you know your partner has it), ask them to be diligent about symptoms that signal an outbreak is coming (you’re more likely to contract the virus during a herpes flare). Burning, itching, and/or tingling feelings are all signs that sores are about to appear. Also, medications are available that can decrease how long symptoms last, as well as decrease their severity. But, sadly, there’s no cure (yet!).

      You might also want to encourage your partner to be upfront by assuring them that herpes is nothing to be embarrassed about. In fact, it’s ridiculously common. Per the World Health Organisation (WHO), “An estimated 491 million people aged 15–49 (13%) worldwide have HSV-2 infection.” In South Africa, that number is even higher: studies have found that 40 to 70% of sexually active people have an HSV-2 infection.

      Another prevention method: If your partner has herpes, then they can chat with their doctor about taking medication that can lower their chances of spreading the virus.

      READ MORE: Your June 2024 Sex Horoscope Is Here And It’s Time To Add A Date Night To Your Calendar

      So, what about getting syphilis from kissing?

      Syphilis occurs in four stages, according to the CDC, with different signs and symptoms associated with each stage.

      Primary syphilis will be evident because a person will generally have sores. These will typically be around the genitals and/or mouth, called chancres, per the CDC. These sores are round and painless, per the WHO and heal in a few days.

      Secondary syphilis includes a skin rash, swollen lymph nodes and fever. Symptoms will go away without treatment, per the WHO.

      Sneakily, there are no signs or symptoms during the third or latent stage of the STD. Unfortunately, this can be deadly and can progress to the fourth and final stage if left untreated.

      The fourth stage of syphilis, however, known as tertiary syphilis, can be linked to severe medical problems. Left untreated, syphilis can affect the heart, brain, and other organs of the body, according to the CDC.

      The infection can be passed by direct contact with a sore during the first three stages. It can be passed on via vaginal, anal, or oral sex—and, yes, even through kissing. Importantly, syphilis is treatable and curable.

      READ MORE: At-Home Test Kits: From Ovulation To STDs, Here’s How To Get Results At Home

      How to navigate syphilis with your partner

      Chopra says the only way to avoid syphilis is to avoid sex or kissing completely. But uh, since that’s not totally practical, there are ways to reduce your risk.

      Straight-up asking new partners whether or not they have an STD, as awkward as this is, is a good idea. It’s also ok to ask new partners to get tested. And if you see a sore, it’s totally ok – and advisable – to avoid kissing, says Dr Amesh A. Adalja, an infectious diseases physician.

      And while you’re at it, make sure to get yourself tested too. Doctors won’t typically test you for herpes unless you’re showing symptoms like sores, but you can still get tested for syphilis whether you’re showing signs or not.

      The bottom line: Ask questions before getting hot and heavy. If you know your partner has herpes or syphilis, cool it on the kissing until active oral sores are treated or healed.

      This article was originally published on www.womenshealthmag.com More