Along with handing out toothbrushes at school, it would’ve helped to know that poor oral health is linked to disease – and serious ones too. For a long time, the connection between oral health to overall health has been known but not much discussed. Now, it’s gaining attention. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), oral diseases affect nearly 3.7 billion people. Untreated tooth decay is the most common health condition, according to 2021 data. And, more studies reveal that the mouth’s bacteria, much like that in your gut, plays a role in overall oral health. Dr Ockert Bekker, a dental surgeon at Bekker Dental and Aesthetics, highlights that neglecting oral hygiene can lead to serious health issues, including diabetes, heart disease, respiratory infections, and an association with mental health challenges. Here’s what to know – and how to protect yourself.The mouth microbiomeThe mouth hosts a diverse microbiome, comprising over 700 taxa (or groups) of bacteria. These microorganisms naturally colonise the oral cavity, thriving in its warm, moist environment rich in nutrients from food and saliva. This ecosystem includes both beneficial and harmful bacteria. Beneficial bacteria, such as Streptococcus salivarius and Lactobacillus species, play crucial roles in maintaining oral health. They aid in breaking down food, produce antimicrobial substances that inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria, and contribute to a balanced oral environment. Moreover, they assist in digestion and support a healthy gut microbiome. Conversely, harmful bacteria like Streptococcus mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis are associated with dental problems. S. mutans feed on sugars, producing acids that erode tooth enamel and lead to cavities. P. gingivalis is linked to gum infections and systemic inflammation. These can contribute to diseases like diabetes and heart disease.How oral health is linked to disease“Many people don’t realise that their oral health is a mirror of their overall health,” says Dr. Bekker. “Gum disease, for instance, is not just about bad breath or bleeding gums – it can be linked to diabetes complications. It is important to note that gum disease doesn’t cause diabetes on its own, but it can aggravate it. And, uncontrolled diabetes can fuel periodontal problems,” he adds.Research indicates that gum disease can double or even triple the risk of cardiovascular conditions, while individuals with diabetes and poor oral health often struggle with blood sugar control. In South Africa, where nearly 4.5 million people live with diabetes, improving oral hygiene could significantly impact overall health. Respiratory illnesses, a leading cause of hospitalisations in the country, can also worsen when harmful bacteria from infected gums enter the lungs. The psychological effects of poor oral health are equally concerning: individuals suffering from tooth loss and decay are at a 33% higher risk of developing mental health disorders.The microbiome-disease linkThe connection between oral health and gut health is another area of growing concern. The mouth and gut play essential roles in digestion, immunity, and overall wellness. Poor oral hygiene can disrupt the gut microbiome, leading to systemic inflammation, digestive disorders, and chronic diseases. Harmful bacteria from the mouth, particularly in cases of gum disease, can travel through the bloodstream and settle in the gut. This could trigger inflammation linked to conditions such as Crohn’s disease, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and leaky gut syndrome.The current consensus is that there is a link (often called the oral-gut microbial axis). There is ongoing research exploring how significant this link is for human disease. This field is relatively new and ever-expanding our understanding of it. “The bacteria in your mouth don’t just stay there,” explains Dr. Bekker. “If you have gum disease, those harmful bacteria can enter your digestive system, causing an imbalance in the gut microbiome. This can contribute to a range of problems, from bloating and poor digestion to serious inflammatory diseases.”The digestive process starts in the mouth, and issues such as tooth decay, gum disease, or missing teeth can hinder proper chewing, affecting digestion and nutrient absorption. Poor chewing habits have been linked to acid reflux, bloating, and slow gut motility. Some harmful oral bacteria, such as Fusobacterium nucleatum, have even been associated with colon cancer and inflammatory gut disorders.READ MORE: Manual vs Electric Toothbrushes: Which Is Better?The conditions associated with poor oral hygiene“It is important to note all these conditions work bidirectionally and may not be the causative agent but part of a larger process in the human body,” explains Dr Bekker. Translation: if you neglect your oral hygiene, you can be at risk of these disease processes. And if you have these disease processes, then your oral health can suffer.Heart DiseasePoor oral hygiene, particularly gum disease (periodontitis), has been linked to an increased risk of heart disease. The inflammation caused by gum disease can contribute to the buildup of plaque in the arteries, raising the risk of heart attack and stroke.DiabetesGum disease can make it harder to control blood sugar levels, increasing the risk of developing or worsening diabetes. Likewise, individuals with diabetes are more prone to infections like gum disease, creating a cycle that can be difficult to break.Respiratory InfectionsPoor dental hygiene can lead to bad bacteria in the mouth. These could be inhaled into the lungs, potentially causing pneumonia or other respiratory infections. This is particularly a concern for those with compromised immune systems or underlying lung conditions.OsteoporosisOsteoporosis, a condition where bones become weak and brittle, can affect the jawbone, leading to tooth loss. Poor dental hygiene can exacerbate the effects of osteoporosis on oral health. This could lead to more severe bone loss in the jaw.Alzheimer’s DiseaseResearch has suggested that gum disease and the bacteria involved in periodontal disease may play a role in the development or progression of Alzheimer’s disease. The bacteria from the mouth may enter the bloodstream and potentially affect the brain.CancerPoor oral hygiene is associated with an increased risk of certain cancers, including oral, throat, and pancreatic cancer. Chronic inflammation in the gums and the presence of harmful bacteria may contribute to these conditions.Gastrointestinal DisordersOral infections or untreated dental problems can lead to bacteria being swallowed. This could potentially cause stomach infections or other gastrointestinal issues. The bacteria can also reach the intestines and affect gut health.READ MORE: 7 Signs You’re At Risk For Gum Disease – And What To DoHow fast does oral health affect overall health?“The gut-mouth connection can take time to manifest in disease. The timeframe can vary depending on individual health, lifestyle, and oral hygiene and the extent of it,” says Dr Bekker. Generally, it can take months or even years for poor oral hygiene to affect the gut and lead to issues like digestive problems, inflammation, or infections. BUT! “The reverse is also true,” warns Dr Bekker. “Once affected, it can take a long time to resolve these issues and restore gut health, which in turn contributes to overall health and well-being.” For example, untreated gum disease can introduce harmful bacteria into the bloodstream. This can eventually impact the gut and lead to conditions like gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) or inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, the exact time it takes for these issues to develop can differ from person to person. The key to preventing this connection from causing health issues is maintaining good oral hygiene, such as brushing and flossing regularly, eating a balanced diet, and visiting your dentist regularly for check-ups. More
